Ayisukunyelwe eyokwanda kwezifo eziqhamuka ezilwaneni, kuloba uJabulani Sikhakhane
BUKHULU ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, izillwane nemvelo yonkana. Bayazifuya ukuze bazidle noma zibengamagugu omndeni abaningi abawathatha njengomxhumanisi wabo nezidalwa zakubo. Bathenga inyama yazo, abanye bayazizingela ukuze bazidle.
Abanye bayazigcina izilwane, njengamakati nezinja, abazithatha ngokuthi zibangani bazo kangangokuthi bazivumela ukuthi zihlale endlini, zilale ngisho embhedeni. Abanye baze bakhethe ukungashadi ukuze bazihlalele “nabangani babo”.
Nokho lobu budlelwane buhambisana nobungozi obukhulu ngokwezempilo. Izilwane lezi – ezasendle nezifuywe ekhaya – zithwala amagciwane nokunye okungadala izifo, phecelezi, ama-pathogen. Yingakho-nje kubalulekile ukuzigoma izilwane nokuthi abantu baqaphele uma behlangana nazo.
La magciwane adala izifo ezibizwa ngama-zoonoses, okuyigama elibunjwe amagama amabili esiGrikhi, u-zoon (isilwane) no-nosos (isifo). Ngokusho kososayensi, u-60% wamagciwane atholakala kubantu, aqhamuka ezilwaneni. Ziyanda izifo zabantu eziqhamuka ngale ndlela.
Phakathi kwamagciwane asuka, noma atholakala ezilwaneni, yilawo adala isifo sofuba, ubhubhane, i-Bubonic plague, i-anthrax, i-Newcastle disease, etholakala ezinkukhwini nakwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, ubulephero nomkhuhlane wezinyoni.
Phakathi kwezilwane ezigcina amagciwane futhi ezingawedlulisela kubantu, kubalwa izinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi, izinja, amakati, amahhashi, izingulube nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo.
Amanye amagciwane athuthwa yizinambuzane ezinjengomyane ezithwala umalaleveva. Ezinye izilwane okungatholakala amagciwane kuzona yizinyoni, amagundane, amalulwane, izinkawu nezimfene.
Isifo esisematheni kulezi zinsuku i-Mpox sinomsuka waso ezilwaneni. Satholwa ngo-1958 eDenmark ezinkawini ezazigcinelwe ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni olwalenziwa wososayensi.
Yingakho lesi sifo sabizwa nge-monkepox, okuyigama elishintshwe yinhlangano eyengamele ezempilo emhlabeni iWorld Health Organization (iWHO) ngo-2022. Isibizwa nge-Mpox.
Negciwane le-COVID-19, elagcina lihlasele nakuleli zwe ngo-2020, lisuka ezilwaneni. Ososayensi bathi lasuka kumalulwane, langena kubantu baseChina. Esinye isifo umsuka waso osezilwaneni ezijwayekile eNingizimu Afrika amarabi, umuntu awathola ngokulunywa yinja enegciwane lalesi sifo.
I-WHO ibika ukuthi isifo samarabi siyingozi enkulu emazweni angaphezu kwawu-150, ikakhulukazi e-Asia nase-Afrika. Sibulala izinkulungwane zabantu ngonyaka, u-40% wabo okuyizingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwewu-15. Igciwane lamarabi, elihlasela ukusebenza kwemizwa yomuntu, litholakala ngokulunywa noma wukuklwejwa yinja. Lingavikela ngokugoma izinja nokuthi abantu baziphephise ekulunyweni izo.
I-WHO ithi ziyanda izifo ezihlasela abantu okutholakala ukuthi umsuka wazo usezilwaneni. Mithathu imisuka yalezi zifo. Kungaba wuhlobo lwe-bacteria, i-virus noma inhlobo ephila ngokumunca umsoco kumuntu, phecelezi, i-parasite.
Zingenabela kubantu uma bethintana nezilwane, ukudla inyama yezilwane noma ukudla okuthintwe yizilwane, amanzi noma ezinye zemvelo ezithintane nezilwane ezinesinye salezi zifo.
Ososayensi balinganisa ukuthi izifo eziyisithupha kweziyishumi ezithathelwanayo, umsuka wazo usezilwaneni, kanti ezintathu kwezine ezintsha ziqhamuka ezilwaneni futhi, ngokusho kweCentre For Disease Control and Prevention (iCDC), uphiko lukahulumeni waseMelika.
I-CDC ibika ukuthi noma wubani angasithola isifo umsuka waso okuyisilwane. Kodwa kunemikhakha yabantu esengcupheni enkulu. Phakathi kwayo abantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kweyisihlanu, abantu asebekhulile abaneminyaka engaphezu kwewu-65, abantu abakhulelwe nabantu amasosha egazi okuvikela izifo angasenamandla atheni okulwa nezifo.
Izindlela zokunaba kwalolu hlobo lwezifo ziyehluka. Izizathu zomehluko zixube indlela abantu abaphila ngayo nohlobo lokudla abakudlayo. Isibonelo nje, kunamazwe axube nawase-Afrika lapho abantu bedla khona lonke uhlobo lwenyama olubizwa ngokuthi phecelezi yi-bush meat, okubalwa phakathi kwayo inyama yezinkawu, izinyoka, izingungumbane nezinye izilwane zasendle.
Lolu hlobo lwenyama selwandile emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi asathuthuka, lapho abantu beziphilisa ngokuzingela lezi zilwane badayise inyama yazo. Ongoti bathi ukudliwa kwenyama yasendle kwamanye amazwe kuhambisana nezinkolelo zabantu, akuyikho nje kuphela ukuthi lolo hlobo lwenyama lushibhile kunenyama yenkomo noma yembuzi.
Izizathu zokwanda kwalolu hlobo lwezifo ziningi. Phakathi kwazo kubalwa ezokushintsha kwezemvelo. Ukwanda kwesimo sokushisha kakhulu kusho ukuthi amagciwane amaningi aphila isikhathi eside. Okwesibili, ukuncipha kwamahlathi emvelo kuphoqa izilwane ukuthi zisondelane nabantu.
Ukuncipha kwamahlathi kuhambisana nokugawulwa kwezihlahla ukuze kutholakale izingodo ezidayiswayo. Loku kudinga ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ukuze izingodo lezi zithuthelwe ezimakethe noma amafemini lapho ziyobazwa khona. Ukugawulwa kwezingodo ngalolu hlobo kunciphisa indawo yemvelo lapho izilwane zihlala khona, kwandise futhi nokuxhumana kwabantu nezilwane.
Yingakho nje abezempilo emhlabeni jikelele sebeshumayela ivangeli lokuthi ukubumba imigomo yezempilo kufanele kuhlanganiswe ukuphatha ezempilo yabantu, izilwane nemvelo yonkana, phecelezi, one health. Ukuzibumba ngokuhlukana yikona okudala izinkinga ngoba kuvula izikhala.
Lezo zikhala zivula intuba yokwanda kwezifo ezisuka ezilwaneni zingene kubantu.
