Akusizwe abalimi ba-cocoa e-Afrika, kuloba uJabulani Sikhakhane

ZIMBI izindaba kubathandi bakashokoledi nezinye izibiliboco njengoba iqhubeka nokwenyuka intengo ka-cocoa ezimakethe zomhlaba nokuyiwona osetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza le ntandokazi nezinye izidlo emakethe.

Ukunyuka kwamanani ka-cocoa kungase kugcine kunyusa nabanye oncamnce noma abakhiqizi babo behlise intengo yomkhiqizo. Kokubili loku kungashiya abazifela ngalezi zibiliboco bemuncwana.

Amanani ka-cocoa enyuswa wukwehla kwezinga lomkhiqizo wawo emazweni asentshonalanga ye-Afrika, ikakhulukazi i-Ivory Coast neGhana, akhiqiza ngaphezu kuka-73% ka-cocoa emhlabeni. La mazwe womabili akhiqiza u-58% ka-cocoa emhlabeni. Yi-Ivory Coast ehamba phambili (44%), kulandele iGhana (14%).

Sekuyiminyaka emithathu ilandelana umkhiqizo wala mazwe wehla. Zimbili izizathu zokwehla komkhiqizo ka-cocoa. Esokuqala, wushintsho esimweni sezulu, oludalwa ikakhulukazi yi-el Nino. Lolu shintsho, oludalwa wukunyuka kwezinga lokufudumala kwamanzi olwandle i-Pacific lungahambisana nesomiso noma izimvula ezinkulu.

Imvula enkulu ilandelwa yisifo esihlasela izigaxa zika-cocoa, kuthi isomiso sinciphise umkhiqizo njengoba ingxenye engaphezu kuka-70% yomkhiqizo ka-cocoa emazweni aseNtshonalanga Afrika iphuma ezindaweni lapho izitshalo zika-cocoa zithola amanzi ngemvula kuphela. Azikho izinhlelo zokunisela lezi zitshalo. Imvula idala enye inkinga.

Ingamisa nse ukuthuthwa kuka-cocoa usuka emapulazini usiwa emachwebeni, lapho uthunyelwa khona ngemikhumbi kwamanye amazwe. Loku kudalwa yisimo semigwaqo engekho esimweni sokumelana nezimvula ezinkulu.

Esinye isizathu kwaba ukunyuka ngesivinini kwentengo kamanyolo emva kokuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine ngo-2022. Izitshalo zika-cocoa zidinga umanyolo omningi. Ukushoda kwawo nokwenyuka kwentengo yawo, okwenza abalimi bengenamandla okuwuthenga, kudala ukwehla kwezinga lo mkhiqizo. Umkhiqizo omningi ka-cocoa emazweni ase-Afrika uphuma kubalimi abancane. 

Isinyathelo seRussia salandelwa wukunswinywa kwayo yimbumba yamazwe aseYurophu neMelika. Loku kwadala ukushoda kukamanyolo njengoba iRussia ingelinye labakhiqizi abakhulu bawo. I-Russia nomhlobo wayo iBelarus  bakhiqiza ingxenye ecishe ifinyelele ku-20% kamanyolo okuhwetshelwana ngawo ezimakethe zomhlaba. Leli nani lihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zomanyolo.

Uma uhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo zawo, liyenyuka kakhulu inani likamanyolo ovela eRussia. Inhlobo kamanyolo i-urea (owumthombo we-nitrogen), iRussia idayisa u-16%, kuthi owe-phosphate ubewu-12%. I-Russia neBelarus bano-40% wohwebo lukamanyolo i-potash.

Isizathu esisha nje wukuphazamiseka kokuhamba kwemikhumbi oLwande oluBomvu, ulwandle oluphakathi kwe-Afrika, i-Asia neSuez Canal. Ukuhamba kwemikhumbi ngale mizila kuphazanyiswa ukunyuka kwezigameko zokuhlasela imikhumbi ngamaphekulazikhuni adume nge-Houthi aseYemen, okuthiwa asekwa yi-Iran.

I-Suez Canal inciphisa isikhathi esihanjwa yimikhumbi ethutha impahla phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu. Ukuphazamiseka kwiSuez Canal kusho ukuthi imikhumbi kumele ijike ezansi nogu lweNingizimu Afrika, okwandisa uhambo ngezinsuku eziyishumi. Kwandisa izindleko loku ngenxa yokuthi imikhumbi ithatha isikhathi eside ithwele impahla eyodwa.

Yilezi zizathu-ke esezidale ukushoda kuka-cocoa ezimakethe zomhlaba, osekushiya abenzi bakashokoledi nezinye izibiliboco ezidinga u-cocoa sebengene ezinqolobaneni zabo ukuze babhekane nokwanda kwezidingo zalezi zidlo.

Ukunyuka kwentengo ka-cocoa sekwenze  amafemu aguqula izinhlamvu  zika-cocoa azenze ibhotela nokusatshwala, okuyikho okwenziwa ngawo ushokoledi, asala dengwane. 

Amafemu enza ushokoledi awakwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlamvu zika-cocoa. Kubikwa ukuthi amafemu aguqula izinhlamvu zika-cocoa akhononda ngokwenyuka kwentengo yazo, athi awasakwazi ukumelana nezindleko zokuzithenga. La mafemu azinze e-Ivory Coast naseGhana.

Ngekwenhlangano yabakhiqizi baka-cocoa isimithathu iminyaka ilandelana umkhiqizo ungaphansi kwesidingo somhlaba. Umkhiqizo wehla ngo-2021/22, 2022/23, kanti ngo-2023/24 kuthiwa uzokwehla kakhulu. 

Loku kuzokwehlisa kakhulu inani lika-cocoa elibekwe ezinqolobaneni, okulindeleke ukuthi lehlele ezingeni elincane kakhulu kunaseminyakeni eyishumi edlule.

Ongoti baxwayisa ngokuthi ukuqhubeka kokushoda kuka-cocoa, ikakhulukazi okuncike oshintshweni lwesimo sezulu okuyinto olulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke, kuzogcina kuphoqe abenzi balezibiliboco ukuthi banyuse intengo yazo noma behlise umkhiqizo.

Bathi amazwe ase-Afrika akhiqiza u-cocoa nawo kuzomele athathe izinyathelo zokusiza abalimi ukuthi bashintshe endleleni abakhiqiza u-cocoa ngayo ukuze bamelane nesimo sezulu. Okwesibili, ohulumeni kumele bavuselele imigwaqo bayibeke ezingeni eliphezulu.

Nokho, inkinga wukuthi labo hulumeni bampintshekile ngokwezimali. Sikhuluma nje iGhana imatasatasa incenga abatshalimali ukuthi bayibonelele ngezikweletu zikahulumeni, okuyizingxoxo esezithathe isikhathi  eside.

IYurophu, izwekazi elihamba phambili ngokudla ushokoledi, lithenga u-56% ka-cocoa kanti u-80% liwuthenga emazweni akhiqiza i-cocoa, ikakhulukazi i-Ivory Coast neGhana. Elinye izwekazi elikhiqiza u-21% ka-cocoa womhlaba yi-Americas, ikakhulukazi i-Ecuador neBrazil.

IYurophu yiyona edayisa ushokoledi nabanye oncamnce abenziwa ngo-cocoa kunamanye amazwekazi. Kuhamba phambili iJalimane, iBelgium, i-Italy, iPoland, neNetherlands – la mazwe ahlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-50% kashokoledi nezinye izibilibico zikashokoledi ezivele eYurophu. Uhwebo lukashokoledi nezinye izibiliboco emhlabeni-jikelele lulinganiselwa ku-US$36.7 billion ngo-2022.

FUNDA NALAPHA: https://www.umbele.co.za/2023/06/22/kuntwela-ezansi-ngokwehla-kwamandla-emali/